A novel applicator for low-dose-rate brachytherapy of gynecological cancers.

The standard low-dose-rate (LDR) delivery system utilized in the definitive management of patients with cervical carcinoma involves an intrauterine tandem and a pair of vaginal colpostats (ovoids). This well-known application system may deliver inadequate dosage if the tumor extends to the lower vaginal mucosa. During the gauze packing of the ovoids, either operator error or narrowing of the vaginal apex can result in mal-alignment of the colpostats and subsequent inadequate dosing to the ecto-cervix. A novel vaginal cylinder has been designed to address these concerns. Beginning January 1, 2001, patients with cancer of the cervix, endometrium, or vagina requiring LDR brachytherapy have been enrolled into an institutionally sanctioned clinical trial. As of May 31, 2001, a total of 11 patients have been entered but only 10 were successfully implanted with the test device. Patient follow-up has ranged from 0.81 years to 1.2 years (median: 0.96 years). Using our study applicator, all patients received within 10% of the preimplant prescribed dose to tumor. Also, no one had cumulative dosage that exceeded 10% of the maximum allowed dose to the critical normal tissues. Thus far, all study patients have had no clinical evidence of persistence/recurrence of disease or complications from treatment. The preliminary results presented herein clearly demonstrate the feasibility of this novel LDR vaginal cylinder in the treatment of a variety of clinical situations involving gynecological cancers. Our institutional trial is continuing.

Twice-daily prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with limited disease small-cell lung cancer with complete response to chemotherapy and consolidative radiotherapy: report of a single institutional phase II trial.

Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) has been demonstrated to significantly reduce the incidence of brain relapse from limited disease small-cell lung cancer (LD SCLC), but concerns about neurologic toxicity remain. The purpose of this report was to update a phase II institutional trial that explored the impact of twice-daily PCI on neurologic toxicity as well as outcome for this group of patients. All eligible subjects had documented complete response to induction chemotherapy and consolidative chest irradiation. The whole brain was treated with twice-daily fractions of 1.5 Gy with megavoltage irradiation to an approximate total dose of 30.0-36.0 Gy. Although not devised as a randomized study, approximately half of the eligible patients declined the protocol enrollment of their own volition and were retrospectively evaluated as a "historical" control group regarding the incidence of brain metastases. Fifteen patients accepted twice-daily PCI, with 12 deferring treatment. Median follow-up was 20 months. Disease-free survival at 2 years was 54% with twice-daily PCI versus 0% without any PCI (p = 0.013). Overall survival at 2 years was 62% with twice-daily PCI versus 23% without PCI (p = 0.032). No statistically significant neurologic deterioration was detected in the PCI group posttreatment. Thus, twice-daily PCI should be considered for patients with LD SCLC who achieve a complete response to chemoirradiation. A multi-institutional randomized trial would be necessary before making definitive recommendations.

Radiation therapy for local control of eyelid sebaceous cell carcinoma: report of two cases and review of the literature.

PURPOSE: Because of previous reports of increased rate of recurrence and mortality after radiation therapy, eyelid sebaceous cell carcinoma has been considered radioresistant. Recent reports of success with primary radiation therapy have been attributed to advancements in irradiating technology and technique. Two cases of eyelid sebaceous cell carcinoma successfully treated with radiation therapy are reported. The techniques used are compared with the techniques described in previous reports, and factors favoring successful treatment are reevaluated. METHODS: Case series and review of the literature. Two cases of eyelid sebaceous cell carcinoma that underwent radiation therapy are described. Both patients were offered, but refused, surgical excision. One patient received 69 Gy combined superficial and megavoltage x-ray irradiation to the left lower eyelid. The second patient received 59 Gy megavoltage electron beam irradiation to the right upper eyelid. A review of the literature was performed, and Fisher's exact test analysis was used to compare the results of all reported cases treated with < or =55 Gy with those treated with >55 Gy. RESULTS: In both cases, the tumor responded to radiation therapy. One patient died 39 months after treatment, of myocardial infarction. The second patient is without clinical evidence of tumor recurrence 46 months after treatment. Fisher's exact test showed an advantage to patients treated with >55 Gy radiation (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Radiation therapy with an appropriate delivery system is effective as a curative treatment for eyelid sebaceous cell carcinoma when >55 Gy of radiation dose is delivered. It should be considered for patients seeking an alternative to surgical excision.

The role of radiotherapy for high-risk endometrial cancer.

High-risk endometrial cancer comprises an uncommon group of tumors, which includes pathological stage III adenocarcinoma and all stages of papillary serous carcinoma. Optimal management of this class of malignant female genital neoplasms is surgical resection, including debulking of any gross abdominopelvic disease. This article analyzes the literature concerning the use of adjunctive radiotherapy. The data presented suggest that postoperative whole abdominal radiotherapy may improve outcome in selected subsets of patients within this high-risk group. Future clinical investigations will greatly benefit from the anticipated published results of two completed prospective cooperative group clinical trials that involve whole abdominal irradiation.

Conventional radiation therapy of cervical cancer.

This review of the present literature about the conventional management of patients with definitive radiotherapy for invasive carcinoma of the cervix will focus on advances in the use of external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) as well as in the administration of low-dose-rate brachytherapy for the delivery of radiotherapy. Important concepts discussed include: techniques and dose fractionation for EBRT; newer imaging modalities for administration of EBRT; construction of the midline shield for external irradiation of the pelvic nodes following brachytherapy; the role of elective para-aortic nodal external radiotherapy; and the adequate number of brachytherapy applications needed to impact on patient outcome. Considerable attention will be given to multi-institutional clinical data (e.g., the Patterns of Care Study and the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group) to illustrate advances in radiotherapy of patients with cervical carcinoma.

Stereotactic Irradiation: potential new treatment method for brain metastases resulting from ovarian cancer.

Stereotactic irradiation (radiosurgery) is a method of precisely focusing well-defined beams of radiation at small intracranial targets. The technique has been applied to the treatment of brain lesions that are benign (e.g., arteriovenous malformations, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas) and malignant (e.g., gliomas, metastases). This paper introduces preliminary data suggesting the possible value of radiosurgery in the management of ovarian cancer metastatic to the brain. Among 32 women with ovarian cancer metastatic to the brain treated with whole brain irradiation, nine (29%) experienced a complete radiographic response, compared with two of the five patients (40%) treated with radiosurgery. The 2-year survival rate was 60% among those treated with radiosurgery and 15% among those who received whole brain irradiation without radiosurgical boost. Stereotactic irradiation may be of clinical benefit to select patients with brain metastases resulting from ovarian cancer. A prospective randomized trial has been implemented by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG 95-08) to determine whether such observations are reproducible on a national scale.

Bladder and rectal doses from external-beam boosts after gynecologic brachytherapy.

PURPOSE: To establish a typical value for radiation doses under pelvic midline shields. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three methods were used to determine bladder and rectal doses under 5- or 6-half-value layer (HVL) shields for 10- and 24-MV external beams. First, dose was computed with a standard irregular field routine in 25 consecutive patients (aged 35-70 years) with stage IIB or IIIB disease treated with cesium-137 brachytherapy followed by a parametrial external-beam boost. Second, in vivo measurements with a solid-state probe were recorded during the first boost after completion of brachytherapy in each patient. Third, measurements obtained with an ionization chamber in a solid phantom (water-equivalent material) were compared with computed and in vivo results. RESULTS: All three dosimetric methods yielded bladder and rectal doses higher than the commonly assumed 5% of the unshielded primary beam dose. Doses within the shielded volume may be as high as 15% of the unshielded dose. Doses are similar under 5- and 6-HVL midline shields. Often, the actual bladder and rectal doses exceeded the planned dose limits and their corresponding maximum radiation dose tolerance levels. CONCLUSION: Bladder and rectal doses are higher than previously understood. Parametrial boosts may contribute as much as 3.0 Gy to the bladder and rectal doses.

Does a radiation dose-response relation exist concerning survival of patients who have soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities? Radiation dose-response relation for soft-tissue sarcomas.

This study analyzes a single-institution experience by evaluating the impact on survival of increasing total dose of adjunctive irradiation in patients who had extremity soft-tissue sarcoma (ESTS). A retrospective review of the tumor registry at a university medical center from January 1984 through December 1992 yielded a total of 59 surgical patients of ESTS. With follow-up ranging from 30 to 135 months (median, 65 months), the 2-, 5-, and 8-year overall and disease-free survival for all patients was 86%, 71%, 58% and 76%, 70%, 56%, respectively. Multivariate analyses using the Cox proportional hazards model revealed that total radiation dose (p = 0.02), American Joint Committee on Cancer stage (p = 0.04), and tumor size (p = 0.006) were all significant prognostic factors of overall survival; however, only tumor size was predictive of disease-free survival (p = 0.02). When the effect of tumor size and disease stage were controlled in the Cox model, a dose-response curve between increasing total radiation dose and improved overall patient survival was indicated. This study demonstrates the significance of tumor size on predicting both overall and disease-free survival in patients who have soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremity. It also suggests, however, that a radiation dose-response relation may exist for overall survival. Future investigations should consider evaluating the minimal total radiation dose needed to optimize patient survival after limb-sparing surgery.

Adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube: results of a multi-institutional retrospective analysis of 72 patients.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: To determine the prognostic factors for predicting outcome of patients with adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube and to evaluate the impact of treatment modalities in managing this uncommon disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the tumor registries from 6 major medical centers from January 1, 1960 up to March 31, 1995 yielded 72 patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube. The Dodson modification of the FIGO surgical staging as it applies to carcinoma of the fallopian tube was utilized. Endpoints for outcome included overall and disease-free survival. Univariate analysis of host, tumor, and treatment factors was performed to determine prognostic significance, and patterns of failure were reviewed. RESULTS: The median age of the study cohort was 61 years (range 30-79 years). Stage distribution was 24 (33%) Stage I; 20 (28%) Stage II; 24 (33%) Stage III; and 4 (6%) Stage IV. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 54 (75%) patients, and postoperative radiotherapy was employed in 22 (31%). In the latter treatment group, 14 (64%) had whole pelvic external beam irradiation, 5 (23%) whole abdominal radiotherapy, 2 (9%) P-32 instillation, and 1 (4%) vaginal brachytherapy alone. Chemotherapy was used in 67% of Stage I and in 79% of Stages II/III/IV disease (not significant); radiotherapy was more commonly employed in Stage I than in Stages II/III/IV (46% vs. 23%, p = 0.05). The 5-, 8-, 15-year overall and disease-free survival for the study patients were 44.7%, 23.8%, 18.8% and 27.3%, 17%, 14%, respectively. Significant prognostic factors of overall survival included Stage I vs. II/III/IV (p = 0.04) and age < or = 60 years vs. > 60 years at diagnosis (p = 0.03). Only Stage I vs. II/III/IV (p = 0.05) was predictive of disease-free survival. Patterns of failure included 18% pelvic, 36% upper abdominal, and 19% distant. For all patients, upper abdominal failures were more frequently found in Stages II/III/IV (29%) than in Stage I (7%) (p = 0.03). Relapses solely outside of what would be included in standard whole abdominal radiotherapy portals occurred for only 15% of patients (6 of 40) with failures. Furthermore, patients having any recurrence, including the upper abdomen, were more likely (p = 0.001) to die (45%) than those without any type of relapse (18%). CONCLUSION: This retrospective, multi-institutional study demonstrated the importance of FIGO stage in predicting the overall and disease-free survival of patients with carcinoma of the fallopian tube. Future investigations should consider exploring whole abdominal irradiation as adjunctive therapy, particularly in Stage II and higher.

Early excision of heterotopic ossification about the elbow followed by radiation therapy.

We reviewed the results, in eight patients, of excision of heterotopic ossification about the elbow performed three to ten months (average, seven months) after the initial injury and followed by radiation therapy to prevent recurrence. The etiology of the heterotopic ossification included a neurological (head or spinal cord) injury in five patients and a local injury (fracture or fracture-dislocation) of the elbow in three patients. The average preoperative arc of motion of the three joints that were capable of motion was 12 degrees (5, 10, and 20 degrees); the remaining five joints were fixed in an average of 56 degrees (range, 10 to 90 degrees) of flexion. All of the patients received a total dose of radiation of 1000 centigray, divided into five fractions. The radiation therapy was instituted on the first postoperative day, and at least three of the remaining four treatments were administered on consecutive days. Radiation therapy was not performed on the weekend, so the five fractions were administered over the course of seven days. At an average of forty-six months (range, twenty-five to seventy-two months), the arc of motion averaged 103 degrees, which compared favorably with the 121-degree arc of motion that had been attained intraoperatively. Two patients who had residual motor deficits in the involved extremity had an arc of motion of 50 and 70 degrees at the latest follow-up evaluation; those who had normal motor function fared considerably better, averaging 118 degrees of motion. There was no substantial recurrence of ossification either radiographically or that limited motion, and no complications attributable to the radiation therapy were noted. On the basis of this experience, it seems that the generally recommended twelve to eighteen-month delay between injury and excision, to allow for maturation of heterotopic bone and thus to lessen the likelihood of recurrence, may be eliminated. Additional studies are needed to define the relative risk of recurrence in the various clinical settings in which heterotopic ossification is seen and to determine whether radiation therapy is necessary to prevent recurrence after early excision in each of these instances.

The role of hyperfractionated re-irradiation in metastatic brain disease: a single institutional trial.

Progression of brain metastases after brain irradiation has prompted several studies on retreatment of the brain. Increased durations of survival and improved quality of life have been reported. Fifteen patients with previously treated brain metastases were entered into this pilot study between May 1990 and January 1994. All patients had neurologic and/or radiologic evidence of progression of brain metastases. The lung was the primary site in 60% of cases. The remaining 40% had breast, ovarian, and skin primaries. The median interval between the first treatment and retreatment was 10 months. All patients received whole-brain irradiation with or without a boost for their initial treatment course. Doses ranged from 3,000 to 5,500 cGy for initial treatments (median, 3,000). Retreatment consisted of limited fields with a median side equivalent square of 8.8 cm. Patients were retreated with a median dose of 3,000 cGy (range, 600-3,000 cGy). A median cumulative dose of 6,000 cGy was achieved. Retreatment consisted of twice-daily fractions (150 cGy/fraction). Retreatment was tolerated without serious complications. Of the 15 patients treated, nine (60%) experienced improvement, and five (27%) had stabilization of neurologic function and/or radiographic parameters. Median survival was 3.2 months; two of the reirradiated patients survived > or = 9 months. In conclusion, reirradiation is a viable option in patients with recurrent metastatic lesions of the brain, and the use of a limited retreatment volume makes this a well-tolerated, low-morbidity treatment that leads to clinical benefits and, in some instances, enhanced survival. The influence of hyperfractionation on the outcome needs to be investigated further in large series.

A quantitative assessment of standard vs. customized midline shield construction for invasive cervical carcinoma.

PURPOSE: An individualized midline shield (MLS) has been advocated for delivering homogeneous radiotherapy for patients with invasive cervical carcinoma. Yet, many radiation oncologists continue to employ a standard block. In the latter instance, any deviation of the cranial-caudal central axis of he tandem from the patient's midline could result in dose inhomogeneity to tumor. A retrospective review of a single university medical center's experience with constructing the MLS was initiated to determine the outcome of using a standard block vs. a customized block that conforms to the "Point A" isodose line. In addition, participating radiation oncologists associated with the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) were polled to assess if there exists a consensus regarding midline block utilization in the management of cervical cancer patients which could be compared to the institutional study. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From January 1, 1990 through December 31, 1992, 32 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma who underwent low dose rate brachytherapy at a single institution were identified. Patients were grouped as having a standard block (18 cases), customized block (5 cases), or no block (9 cases). The "Point A" isodose distribution from the implant was superimposed onto the whole pelvic simulation film and quantitatively compared to the actual or a hypothetical standard block outlined on the same radiograph. In September of 1995, 56 member and affiliated institutions in the GOG were surveyed concerning their use of a MLS, and the results were tabulated in December of 1995. RESULTS: Approximately 72% of all cases (23 out of 32) at the single institution had tandem deviation ranging from 0-230 with a median of 50. This translated into a median percent overdosage to "Point A" Right of 15% and "Point A" Left of 12.5%. Although overall survival and incidence of chronic complications have not been affected by type of shielding, patient follow-up is limited with a median of 17.7 months (range: 4.2-58.9 months). Of the 56 surveyed radiation facilities in the GOG, 34 (61%) responded. One center was subsequently excluded as it performs only high dose rate brachytherapy. Of the evaluable respondents, 88% (29 out of 33) utilize a MLS in treating their patients with invasive cervical carcinoma. Of the latter group, 76% (22 out of 29), 21% (6 out of 29), and 3% (1 out of 29) employ a standard block, customized block, and a "step-wedge," respectively. For those using a standard block, 77% (17 out of 22) align the central cranial-caudal axis of the MLS along the corresponding midplane of the patient's pelvis on an anteroposterior radiograph rather than along the superior-inferior central axis of the tandem. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the use of a standard midline shield could result in potential tumor dose inhomogeneity and should be avoided. A national survey of major academic centers further suggests that the majority of these facilities also utilize a rectangular central block that is not positioned with respect to possible tandem deviation. Further investigation concerning the techniques of midline shield construction should be considered.

Management of stage I-B, II-A, and II-B carcinoma of the cervix with high-dose-rate brachytherapy: initial results of an institutional clinical trial.

In 1989, the University of Miami began a program incorporating high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy into the definitive treatment of patients with invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Patients received an average total dose to point A of 5,511 cGy (range 4,280-6,360 cGy) in an average of 57 days (range 39-84 days). An analysis of the first 24 cases found 11 FIGO Stage I-B, four Stage II-A, and nine Stage II-B tumors. At the end of all radiation therapy, 19/24 patients' tumors (79.2%) had undergone a clinical complete response (CR). With median follow-up of 26 months (range 14-63 months), three have relapsed locally, two regionally, and six in extrapelvic sites. Almost two-thirds of all failures occurred in patients with tumors >4 cm, who also took more than 8 weeks to complete their treatment. Overall 2-year actuarial survival for the entire study group is approximately 74%. A univariate analysis determined that clinical stage (P = 0.02), overall treatment time (P = 0.03), tumor size (P = 0.05), and response at the end of therapy (P = 0.005) were significant prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis showed that tumor response to therapy was the most important prognosticator of outcome (P = 0.001). Besides five cases of apical vaginal stenosis, there have been no reported chronic complications in this cohort of patients. A prospectively randomized trial is recommended to compare the efficacy of HDR vs. low-dose-rate brachytherapy in cervical carcinoma.

The efficacy of cranial irradiation in ovarian cancer metastatic to the brain: analysis of 32 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of irradiation in the management of brain metastases from epithelial ovarian cancer. METHODS: Tumor registries from five university cancer centers were searched to identify ovarian cancer patients with brain metastases. During a 30-year period (1965-1994), 4027 ovarian cancer patients were evaluated, 32 of whom were found to have cerebral metastases. Each received fractionated whole-brain irradiation (median dose 30 Gy, range 20-52.5). Five patients received concomitant chemotherapy with whole-brain irradiation. RESULTS: The median survival time for the whole population was 4 months. For the entire series, symptomatic response (complete response and partial response) was achieved in 23, 16 of whom were palliated until death. Patients with higher Karnofsky performance status (70 or above versus below 70) were more likely to derive a palliative response and attained a statistically significant survival advantage. No other factor predicted the likelihood of deriving a palliative response or a survival advantage after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In this large review of patients with cerebral metastases from ovarian cancer, we found that most of those treated with whole-brain irradiation achieved palliation until death. Nearly all women with high performance status derived durable palliation from cerebral irradiation. Whole-brain irradiation was an effective means of palliating ovarian cancer metastatic to the brain and provided a favorable alternative to other means of management.

The role of steroids in the management of metastatic carcinoma to the brain. A pilot prospective trial.

This prospective study attempted to evaluate the indications for glucocorticoids which are commonly given to patients with brain metastases. Twelve patients with histologically confirmed malignancies and radiographically documented brain metastases were enrolled. Patients were scored for general performance status and neurologic function class. All subjects were given high-dose dexamethasone (HDD) for 48 hours and then randomized to receive either intermediate-dose dexamethasone (IDD) or no steroids with cranial radiotherapy. Of these 12 study patients, 3 achieved a complete response, 1 partial response, and 8 nonresponses to HDD. Seven patients had IDD, while five received no IDD. Although a small sample size prevented any statistical analysis, this study does suggest that the place for using glucocorticoids in treating patients with metastatic carcinoma to the brain remains uncertain and should be evaluated in a cooperative prospective trial.

A multivariate analysis of clinicopathologic factors for predicting outcome in uterine sarcomas.

This study involved a comprehensive review of the histologic slides of 62 patients who were diagnosed with uterine sarcoma from 1978 through 1988 at a single institution. In addition, DNA content (ploidy level) could be determined from the H & E slides of these tumors using image analysis. Also, 42 of these cases had retrievable cell blocks on which DNA analysis was performed by means of flow cytometry. A linear regression analysis found a high degree of correlation (r = 0.8) between the measurement of the DNA index of these tumors by these two techniques. All cases were retrospectively restaged using the newly adopted FIGO surgical staging criteria which found the following distribution: 22 (35.5%) Stage I, 10 (16.1%) Stage II, 12 (19.4%) Stage III, and 18 (29%) Stage IV. A multivariate analysis of 60 evaluable patients using the Cox proportional hazard model found that surgical staging was the most significant prognostic factor with respect to the endpoint of overall survival (P = 0.00004). Both patient age at diagnosis and mitotic index were independent from surgical staging in predicting outcome. Furthermore, there was a trend suggesting that DNA index also had prognostic value. Of particular interest was that patients with diploid tumors (DNA index, 0.9-1.1) had a 5-year overall survival of 72% and did not approach median survival; however, hyperdiploid tumors (DNA index > 1.1) and hypodiploid tumors (DNA index < 0.9) were associated with median survivals of 18 and 12 months, respectively. In conclusion, this study supports the use of surgical staging of patients with uterine sarcomas in order to optimally determine their chance for survival. Further biologic investigations which may result in identifying those patients who could benefit from adjunctive treatment are recommended.

The prognostic significance of surgical staging for carcinoma of the endometrium.

This study is based on a retrospective review of 156 patients with endometrial carcinoma from 1978 through 1984 who underwent primary surgical evaluation. All cases were retrospectively restaged using the newly adopted FIGO surgical staging. The preoperative FIGO clinical stage distribution for this study was as follows: 121 (77.6%) Stage I, 22 (14.1%) Stage II, 5 (3.2%) Stage III, 2 (1.3%) Stage IV, and 6 (3.8%) unstaged patients. Most patients had TAH-BSO with a collection of peritoneal washings and retroperitoneal lymph node sampling. Surgical staging revealed 122 (78.2%) Stage I, 9 (5.8%) Stage II, 12 (7.7%) Stage III, and 13 (8.3%) Stage IV patients. Surgery upstaged 12.4% of clinical Stage I. In clinical stage II, 59.0% were downstaged while 27.3% were upstaged. For clinical Stage III, 60.6% were upstaged, but no downstaging occurred. No change in stage occurred for clinical Stage IV patients. Ninety-seven surgically staged patients received no adjuvant therapy. The remaining 59 patients had adjunctive treatment which consisted of radiotherapy (59.3%), hormonal therapy (25.4%), chemotherapy (5.1%), or combined modality treatment (10.2%). All patients were followed until death or a minimum of 5 years (60-139 months; median, 82 months) with the exception of 13 patients who were lost to follow-up (2-58 months; median, 34 months). Five-year survival by clinical staging was as follows: 86.2% for Stage I, 85.9% for Stage II, and 0% for Stage III and IV. Five-year survival by surgical staging was 90.6% for Stage I, 85.7% for Stage II, 58.3% for Stage III, and 0% for Stage IV. The 13 patients who were lost to follow-up were censored in all survival analyses at the time of last contact. Stepwise regression analysis using a parametric proportional hazards model identified surgical stage as the most significant prognostic factor (P = 0.02). Univariate analysis showed that patients with surgical Stage IC had significantly worse prognosis (75.0%, 5 years) than those in surgical Stage IA (93.8% 5 YS) or IB (95.4% 5 years). In summary, this study demonstrates that surgical staging as recommended by FIGO is indicated to accurately determine the initial extent of disease in endometrial carcinoma. In addition, surgical staging is the strongest predictor of survival. Deep myometrial invasion appears to be a significant independent prognostic factor within surgical Stage I. The role of adjunctive radiotherapy in Stage I disease awaits the results from an ongoing multi-institutional, prospectively randomized trial.